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 *Conversion of Exclamatory and Optative Sentences* *(From Direct to Indirect Speech)* While converting exclamatory and Optative Sentences from Direct to Indirect Speech the  following general rules have to be observed:  *Rules (1):* In the case of exclamatory sentences the Reporting Verb is changed to exclaim with  sorrow/Joy/fear/anger, etc., applaud, regret, curse, coy out or any other such verb that properly  conveys the tone of exclamation.  *Rules (2):*  In the case of Optative Sentences the Reporting Verb is changed to wish/pray/  long for/yearn/earnestly desire, etc.  *Rules (3):*  The Conjunction “that” is used to introduce the Reported Speech  *Rules (4):*  The Exclamatory or Optative sentence is changed into an assertive one before it is put  into Indirect Speech.  *Rules (5):*   Interjections and exclamations are omitted and their sense conveyed by means of adverbs  or adverbial phrases. *Rules (6):*  Tenses, pronouns and words showing nearness are changed according to the

How and where to start CSS preparation?  The most asked question  It may not be possible to answer this question satisfactorily because every child has their own strengths and weaknesses. Everyone's schooling and education are different. There are different preparation protocols. A good teacher can always stick to all the students.  Nevertheless, I have tried to answer this question by making three categories: I have no end in character and it is my personal right to disagree and agree with everything that no one can take away from you.  I want to put my words in front of you  First category (if you have more than three years)  If you have three years or more of time you do not need to get tension until you have one year to get your papers, yes, but start working on your skills,  First start studying newspapers. Start with Urdu newspapers. Read all the editors and columns of at least two Urdu newspapers for three to four months. After you understand all the current issues, you can